Pharmacological optimization in prevention in Heart Failure: A Sex-gap?

Lab values

• Male patients 2. Age < 18 or > 85 years. 3. Mechanical ventilation (not including CPAP/BIPAP) in the 24 hours prior to Screening. 4. Significant pulmonary disease contributing substantially to the patients’ dyspnoea such as FEV1 <1 liter or need for chronic systemic or nonsystemic steroid therapy, or any kind of primary right heart failure such as primary pulmonary hypertension or recurrent pulmonary embolism. 5. Myocardial infarction, unstable angina or cardiac surgery within 3 months, or cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) device implantation within 3 months, or percutaneous transluminal coronary intervention (PTCI), within 1 month prior to Screening or during the index event. 6. Index Event (admission for AHF) triggered primarily by a correctable aetiology such as significant arrhythmia (e.g., sustained ventricular tachycardia, or atrial fibrillation/flutter with sustained ventricular response >130 beats per minute, or bradycardia with sustained ventricular arrhythmia <45 beats per minute), infection, severe anaemia, acute coronary syndrome, pulmonary embolism, exacerbation of COPD, planned admission for device implantation or severe non-adherence leading to very significant fluid accumulation prior to admission and brisk diuresis after admission. Troponin elevations without other evidence of an acute coronary syndrome are not an exclusion. 7. Uncorrected thyroid disease, active myocarditis, or known amyloid or hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. 8. History of heart transplant or on a transplant list or using or planned to be implanted with a ventricular assist device. 9. Sustained ventricular arrhythmia with syncopal episodes within the 3 months prior to screening that is untreated. 10. Presence at Screening of any hemodynamically significant valvular stenosis or regurgitation, except mitral or tricuspid regurgitation secondary to left ventricular dilatation, or the presence of any hemodynamically significant obstructive lesion of the left ventricular outflow tract. 11. Active infection at any time during the AHF hospitalization prior to Randomization based on abnormal temperature and elevated WBC or need for intravenous antibiotics. 12. Stroke or TIA within the 3 months prior to Screening. 13. Primary liver disease considered to be life threatening. 14. Renal disease or eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73m2 (as estimated by the simplified MDRD formula) at Screening or history of dialysis. 15. Psychiatric or neurological disorder, cirrhosis, or active malignancy leading to a life expectancy < 6 months. 16. Prior (defined as less than 30 days from screening) or current enrollment in a CHF trial or participation in an investigational drug or device study within the 30 days prior to screening 17. Discharge for the AHF hospitalization anticipated to be >14 days from admission, or to a long-term care facility. Randomization must occur within 12 days following admission and at 1-2 days prior to anticipated discharge. 18. Inability to comply with all study requirements, due to major co-morbidities, social or financial issues or a history of noncompliance with medical regimens, that might compromise the patient’s ability to understand and/or comply with the protocol instructions or follow-up procedures 19. Pregnant or nursing (lactating) women.

• Retrospective study All individuals with HF regardless of the left ventricular ejection fraction Prospective study 1. Female patients >18 <85 years 2. Hospital admission within the 24-48 hours prior to Screening for acute heart failure with dyspnea at rest and pulmonary congestion on chest X-ray, and other signs and/or symptoms of heart failure such as edema and/or positive rales on auscultation. 3. All measures within 24 hours prior to Randomization of systolic blood pressure ≥ 100 mmHg, and of heart rate ≥ 60 bpm. 4. All measures within 24 hours prior to Randomization of serum potassium ≤ 5.0 mEq/L (mmol/L). 5. Biomarker criteria for persistent congestion: 5.1. At Screening, NT-proBNP >1,800 pg/mL (2,350 pg/mL in case of atrial fibrillation) 5.2. At the time of Randomization (1-2 days prior to discharge), NT-proBNP >1,000 pg/mL (1,300 pg/mL in case of Atrial Fibrillation) to ensure the persistence of congestion and the acuity of the index episode). 6. At 1 week prior to admission, at Screening, and at Visit 2 6.1. If EF<50% (ie HFrEF or HFmrEF) either <½ the optimal dose of ACEi/ARB/ARNi and MRA and BB (see Table) must have been prescribed 6.2. If EF>50% (ie HFpEF): <½ the optimal dose of MRA (see Table) 7. Written informed consent to participate in the study.