Talimogene Laherparepvec and Radiation Therapy in Treating Patients With Newly Diagnosed Soft Tissue Sarcoma That Can Be Removed by Surgery

Prior treatment

• Patients who have had prior treatment with anti-PD1 or anti-CTLA4 therapy
• Patients must have had no prior radiotherapy to tumor-involved sites
• Patients with gross total resection of the primary tumor or who have developed tumor recurrence after gross total tumor resection prior to enrollment are not eligible
• Patients who have not recovered from adverse events due to prior anti-cancer therapy (i.e., have residual toxicities \> grade 1)
• Use of other investigational drugs within 28 days (or five half-lives, whichever is shorter; with a minimum of 14 days from the last dose) preceding the first dose of talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) and during the study
• Previous treatment with talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) or any other oncolytic virus
• History or evidence of active autoimmune disease (e.g., pneumonitis, glomerulonephritis, vasculitis, or other); or history of active autoimmune disease that has required systemic treatment (i.e., use of corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs or biological agents used for treatment of autoimmune diseases) within 2 months of enrollment; (replacement therapy \[e.g., thyroxine for hypothyroidism, insulin for diabetes or physiologic corticosteroid replacement therapy for adrenal or pituitary insufficiency\] is not considered a form of systemic treatment for autoimmune disease)
  • Evidence of clinically significant immunosuppression such as
  • Primary immunodeficiency state such as severe combined immunodeficiency disease
  • Concurrent opportunistic infection
  • Receiving systemic immunosuppressive therapy (\> 2 weeks) including oral steroid doses \> 10 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent within 2 months prior to enrollment
• Active herpetic skin lesions or prior complications of herpetic infection (e.g., herpetic keratitis or encephalitis)
• Viral infections requiring intermittent or chronic systemic (intravenous or oral) treatment with an anti-herpetic drug, other than intermittent topical use (e.g., acyclovir)
• Other viral infections
  • Known to have acute or chronic active hepatitis B or hepatitis C infection
  • Known to have human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
  • Prior therapy with viral-based tumor vaccine
  • Received live vaccine within 28 days prior to enrollment
• Patients who are pregnant, breastfeeding or plan to become pregnant
  • NOTE: Although no effects on embryo-fetal development have been observed in animal studies, adequate and well-controlled studies with talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) have not been conducted in pregnant women; therefore, sexually active patients and their partners must be willing to use adequate contraception (hormonal or barrier method of birth control; abstinence) prior to study entry, during the study participation, and for four months after the last dose of T-VEC

Other illness

• Patients with evidence of active bleeding or bleeding diathesis will be excluded (patients with excess of 2.5 mL of hemoptysis are not eligible)
• History of serious or non-healing wound, ulcer, or bone fracture
• Patients with metastatic disease
• Have a known immediate or delayed hypersensitivity reaction or idiosyncrasy to talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) or any of its components
• Uncontrolled intercurrent illness including, but not limited to, ongoing or active infection, symptomatic congestive heart failure, unstable angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmia, or psychiatric illness/social situations that would limit compliance with study requirements

Age

• Patients who are unwilling to minimize exposure with his/her blood or other body fluids to individuals who are at higher risks for herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 induced complications such as immunosuppressed individuals, individuals known to have HIV infection, pregnant women, or children under the age of 1 year, during talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) treatment and through 30 days after the last dose of talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC)

Other

• Patients with localized sarcomas that are not of the extremity or trunk wall (including head/neck, retroperitoneum, visceral organs, peritoneum, pelvis within the confines of the bony pelvis, and tumors arising in bone)
• Patients with grade 1 non-rhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcomas (NRSTS) tumors of any size are not eligible
• Patients requiring any therapeutic anticoagulation

• Age \>= 18 years
  • Note: Because no dosing or adverse event data are currently available on the use of talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) in patients \< 18 years of age, children are excluded from this study, but will be eligible for future pediatric trials
• Newly diagnosed and a histopathologically confirmed potentially resectable soft tissue sarcoma of the extremity or trunk of the following subtypes:
  • Cohort 1: liposarcoma (excluding myxoid liposarcoma)
  • Cohort 2: leiomyosarcoma
  • Cohort 3: undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) (malignant fibrous histiosarcoma \[MFH\])
  • NOTE: If local pathology report is suggestive of or suspicious for UPS, study chair and study pathologists may review for eligibility determination.
  • NOTE: Sites permissible for biopsy include
  • Extremities: upper (including shoulder) and lower (including hip)
  • Trunk: Body wall
• Patients must have a histologically determined grade 2 or 3 tumor by the French Federation of Cancer Centers Sarcoma Group (FNCLCC) sarcoma grading system
• Patients must have localized disease with a primary tumor \> 5 cm by MRI or computed tomography (CT) scan
• Patients must have a primary tumor that is determined by multidisciplinary team (medical oncology, orthopedic/surgical oncology, and radiation oncology) to require radiation therapy for optimal management prior to surgical resection
• Patients must have a sarcoma in the extremity or trunk in location, which is accessible to direct or ultrasound guided injections
• Karnofsky performance score \>= 70
• Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) \>= 1500/uL
• Absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) \>= 800/uL
• Platelets \>= 100,000/uL
• Hemoglobin \>= 9 g/dL
• Total bilirubin =\< 1.5 x institutional upper limit of normal (ULN)
• Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) =\< 2.5 x institutional ULN
• Calculated creatinine clearance \> 70 mL/min/1.73 m\^2
• Patient must have a life expectancy of at least 3 months with appropriate therapy
• Patients must agree to use contraception during study treatment and for 4 months after the end of treatment
  • NOTE: Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC), as well as other therapeutic agents used in this trial, may cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman; women of child-bearing potential and men must agree to use adequate contraception (hormonal or barrier method of birth control; abstinence) prior to study entry, during the study participation, and for four months after the last dose of the drug; women of child-bearing potential must have a negative serum pregnancy test within 7 days prior to registration and agree to use effective contraception throughout the treatment period and for 4 months after the last dose of study treatment; should a woman become pregnant or suspect she is pregnant while she or her partner is participating in this study, she should inform her treating physician immediately
• Ability to understand and the willingness to sign a written informed consent document
• Willingness to provide mandatory blood and tissue samples for correlative studies and central pathology confirmation of surgical specimens collected during study participation
• Willingness to provide a tissue sample that is mandatory at the time of surgery (if applicable) and the determination of the primary objective of the study