The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in Adiposity, Blood Pressure and Glucose in African Americans

Prior treatment

• Pharmacologic treatment with statins, β-Blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, renin inhibitors, and/or mineralocorticoid antagonists
• Steroid use
• Treatment with oral hypoglycemic medications,
• Anorexia Nervosa
  • History of, or planned, bariatric surgery,
  • Weight loss \> 5% over the previous 6 months,
  • Pregnancy, planning to conceive a child in the next 9 months, or progesterone based contraception and unable to switch to non-progesterone based contraception,
  • Previous or current diagnosis of cardiac structural and functional abnormalities, history or current diagnosis of heart failure (New York Heart Association classes II-IV), history of myocardial infarction, coronary bypass surgery, or percutaneous coronary intervention during the 6 months prior to screening,
  • History of angioedema, or known hypersensitivity to study drugs.

Other illness

• Type 2 Diabetes (American Diabetes Association Criteria)
• Hypertension with systolic blood pressure (SBP) \> 150 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) \> 100 mmHg or taking anti-hypertensive medications
• Abnormal renal function tests: Glomerular Filtration Rate calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Equation \< 60 ml/min/1.73 m²
• Use of antipsychotic medications or severe psychiatric disorders (severe mental illness)
  • Severe Psychiatric Disorders:
• Paranoid and other psychotic disorders
• Bipolar disorders (hypomanic, manic, depressive, and mixed)
• Major depressive disorders (single episode or recurrent)
• Schizoaffective disorders (bipolar or depressive)
• Pervasive developmental disorders
• Obsessive-compulsive disorders
• Panic disorder
• Post-traumatic stress disorders (acute, chronic, or with delayed onset)

Lab values

• Hyperkalemia (Potassium \> 5.0 milliequivalent/L)

Other

• SBP \< 100 mmHg or DBP \< 60 mmHg
• Schizophrenia
• Depression in childhood and adolescence
• Bulimia Nervosa

• African Americans aged 18-65 years old with a history of impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, hemoglobin A1c 5.7-6.4% or other risk factors for diabetes including metabolic syndrome, family history of type 2 diabetes in the parents or siblings or history of gestational diabetes will be invited to attend a formal screening visit. Participants with impaired glucose tolerance defined as 2-hour plasma glucose 140-199 mg/dl after a fasting 75-g oral glucose tolerance test and who meet other enrollment criteria will be enrolled.