Molecular Mechanisms of Exercise Benefits to Insulin Resistant People

Other illness

• Coronary artery disease or heart failure.

Lab values

• A known medical condition that in the judgment of the investigator might interfere with the completion of the protocol such as the following examples:
  • Inpatient psychiatric treatment in the past 6 months
  • Presence of a known adrenal disorder
  • Abnormal liver function test results (Transaminase \>2 times the upper limit of normal); testing required for subjects taking medications known to affect liver function or with diseases known to affect liver function
  • Abnormal renal function test results (calculated GFR \<60 mL/min/1.73m2); testing required for subjects with diabetes duration of greater than 5 years post onset of puberty
  • Active gastroparesis
  • If on antihypertensive, thyroid, anti-depressant or lipid lowering medication, lack of stability on the medication for the past 2 months prior to enrollment in the study
  • Uncontrolled thyroid disease (TSH undetectable or \>10 mlU/L); testing required within three months prior to admission for subjects with a goiter, positive antibodies, or who are on thyroid hormone replacement, and within one year otherwise
  • Abuse of alcohol or recreational drugs
  • Infectious process not anticipated to resolve prior to study procedures (e.g. meningitis, pneumonia, osteomyelitis).
  • Uncontrolled arterial hypertension (Resting diastolic blood pressure \>90 mmHg and/or systolic blood pressure \>160 mmHg) at the time of screening.
  • Oral steroids
  • A recent injury to body or limb, muscular disorder, use of any medication, any carcinogenic disease, or other significant medical disorder if that injury, medication or disease in the judgment of the investigator will affect the completion of the protocol
  • Restrictions on Use of Other Drugs or Treatments:
  • Medications that may impact study end points such as mitochondrial biology eg. beta blockers
  • Anti-hyperglycemic drugs including metformin
  • Any other medication that the investigator believes is a contraindication to the subject's participation.

Other

• Participation in a structured exercise program \>2 days per week

• age 50-75yrs
• BMI 30-38kg/m2
• hip to waist ratio of \>0.85 in women and 1.0 in men
• fasting glucose ≥100-140mg/dl
  • Lean Group
• age 50-75 years
• hip to waist ratio of \<0.76 in women and 0.90 in men
• fasting glucose of \<100mg/dl.