Strengthening Primary Healthcare Delivery for Diabetes and Hypertension in Eswatini

Brief summary (registry, in English)

The WHO-PEN@Scale project is a three-arm cluster-randomized trial that is investigating the population-level effects of a healthcare reform in Eswatini, which aims to strengthen primary care for diabetes and hypertension. Prior to the reform, healthcare for diabetes and hypertension was mostly provided through physician-led teams in hospital outpatient departments. The healthcare reform aims to strengthen the provision of nurse-led care for diabetes and hypertension in primary healthcare facilities and community health worker-led care for these conditions in the facilities' catchment areas. The reform will broadly be guided by the World Health Organization's "Package of Essential Noncommunicable Disease Interventions for Primary Health Care in Low-Resource Settings" (WHO-PEN). The trial will take place at 84 clusters (a primary healthcare facility and its catchment area) across the country.

What you commit to

• Study type: Interventional
• Participants enrolled: 3500
• From 1 Nov 2021 to the primary completion date, 5 Dec 2023
• 1 site in 1 country
• Visits and tests: ask the trial team, the registry does not list them

Built from the registry fields of ClinicalTrials.gov. It describes the study, not your situation.

Who cannot take part

Copied verbatim from ClinicalTrials.gov and grouped by topic. Only the trial team decides who can take part.

Who the study is looking for

Age in the registry: 40 years to - · Sex: All · Accepts healthy volunteers

Full criteria on ClinicalTrials.gov

Sites (1)

Sites in registry order. Pick your city on the disease page to sort them by distance.

Related publications

• Implementation of WHO-PEN interventions in Eswatini: an assessment of health equity and out-of-pocket expenditure for diabetes and hypertension care.Int J Equity Health · 2026 · PMID 41888803