ANTIVIRAL TREATMENT OF CYTOMEGALOVIRUS IN DEPRESSION

Prior treatment

• Presence of an acute infectious illness (e.g. SARS CoV-2) or receipt of a vaccination in the week prior to enrollment.
  • Psychiatric Disorders:
• Myelosuppressive chemotherapy or radiation therapy
• Medications that could interact with VGCV (see below):
  • Prohibited Medications Abacavir Lamivudine, 3TC Amikacin Aminoglycosides Amphotericin B cholesteryl sulfate complex (ABCD) Amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC) Amphotericin B liposomal (LAmB) Amphotericin B Aprotinin Bacitracin Bictegravir; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Alafenamide Cisplatin Colchicine; Probenecid Cyclosporine Dapsone Darunavir; Cobicistat; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir alafenamide
  • Didanosine, ddI:
  • Doravirine; Lamivudine; Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate Doxorubicin Efavirenz; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Efavirenz; Lamivudine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Elvitegravir; Cobicistat; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Alafenamide Elvitegravir; Cobicistat; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Emtricitabine Emtricitabine; Rilpivirine; Tenofovir alafenamide Emtricitabine; Rilpivirine; Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate Emtricitabine; Tenofovir alafenamide Emtricitabine; Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate Entecavir Flucytosine Gentamicin Hyaluronidase, Recombinant; Immune Globulin Hydroxyurea Imipenem; Cilastatin Immune Globulin IV, IVIG, IGIV Kanamycin Lamivudine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Mycophenolate Paromomycin Pentamidine Plazomicin Polymyxin B Streptomycin Sulfamethoxazole; Trimethoprim, SMX-TMP, Cotrimoxazole Tacrolimus Talimogene Laherparepvec Telbivudine Tenofovir Alafenamide Tenofovir, PMPA Tobramycin Trimethoprim Vancomycin Vinblastine Vinca alkaloids Vincristine Liposomal Vincristine Vinorelbine Zidovudine
  • Other Medications:
• Current and/or past regular use of hormone-containing medications (excluding contraceptives)
• Current and/or past regular use of immune modifying drugs that target specific immune responses such as TNF antagonists
• Current and/or past regular use of antiarrhythmic, anti-anginal, and anticoagulant drugs (does not apply where medications are taken for different purpose).
• Inclusion of individuals reporting other types of medications or supplements not listed or considered thus far will be at the discretion of the PI based on their potential to affect immune function, brain function or brain blood flow.
  • Contraindications to MRI:
• Cardiac pacemaker, metal fragments in eyes/skin/body (shrapnel), aortic/aneurysm clips, prosthesis, by-pass surgery/coronary artery clips, hearing aid, heart valve replacement, shunt (ventricular or spinal), electrodes, metal plates/pins/screws/wires, or neuro/bio-stimulators (TENS unit), persons who have ever been a professional metal worker/welder, history of eye surgery/eyes washed out because of metal, vision problems uncorrectable with lenses, inability to lie still on one's back for 60 minutes; prior neurosurgery; tattoos or cosmetic makeup with metal dyes, unwillingness to remove body piercings, and pregnancy.

Other illness

• Unwillingness to avoid pregnancy during the study due to the possible teratogenic effects of valganciclovir
  • Medical Conditions:
• Moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (\>30 min. loss of consciousness or \>24 hours posttraumatic amnesia) or other neurocognitive disorder with evidence of neurological deficits.
• Presence of co-morbid medical conditions not limited to but including cardiovascular (e.g., history of acute coronary event, stroke) and neurological diseases (e.g., Parkinson's disease), as well as pain disorders.
• Presence of co-morbid inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis or other autoimmune disorders.
• Presence of an uncontrolled medical condition that is deemed by the investigators to interfere with the proposed study procedures, or to put the study participant at undue risk.
• Presence of a chronic infection (e.g. HIV) that may elevate pro-inflammatory cytokines.
• Lifetime history of schizophrenia, schizophreniform, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder
• History of a manic or hypomanic episode not better accounted for by substance use
• Moderate to severe substance use disorder within the last year, excluding cannabis or nicotine use disorder
• Moderate or severe alcohol use disorder
• Current use of non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs that is deemed by the investigators to potentially confound the results of the study or the increase risk of renal impairment (e.g. more than 3 days/week).

Lab values

• Absolute neutrophil count \< 500/mm3
• Platelet count \< 25,000/mm3
• Hemoglobin \< 8g/dL
• Clinically significant abnormalities on screening laboratory tests
  • Non-English speaking participants:

Other

• General Exclusion Criteria:
• Pregnancy
• Breast-feeding
• Current significant suicidal ideation (intent to commit suicide or making specific plans for suicide)
• Suicide attempt within the last 6 months
• Positive urine toxicology (except cannabis)
  • Contraindications to Valganciclovir:
• Impaired renal function (estimated glomerular filtration rate \<60mL/minute/1.73m2)
• Sensitivity to VGCV, ganciclovir or other nucleoside analogues
• Chronic use of antibiotics such as isotretinoin or minocycline because of their potential effects on the microbiome and immune function.
• Claustrophobia severe enough to prevent scanning
  • Health Factors:
• BMI \> 38 because of the effects of obesity on pro-inflammatory cytokine activity
• The majority of the assessments proposed for this study have not been translated from English, thus, non-English speaking volunteers will be excluded.

• Provision of signed and dated informed consent form
• Stated willingness to comply with all study procedures and availability for the duration of the study
• Male or female, aged 18-65 years
• Diagnosis with major depressive disorder (MDD)
• Current symptoms of depression, that is, a QIDS-SR score ≥14.
• Unmedicated for at least 4 weeks (8 weeks for fluoxetine).
• In good general health as evidenced by medical history, physical exam, and safety labs
• Ability to take oral medication and be willing to adhere to the VGCV regimen
• For females of reproductive potential: use of highly effective contraception for at least 1 month prior to screening and agreement to use such a method during study participation and for an additional 4 weeks after the end of VGCV administration
• For males of reproductive potential: use of condoms or other methods to ensure effective contraception with partner during the study and for at least 90 days after the study.
• Agreement to adhere to Lifestyle Considerations (see section 5.3) throughout study duration