Novel Brain Neurotechnology for Optimizing Precision Mirror Therapy in Stroke

Prior treatment

• concomitant neurological conditions such as dementia, Parkinson's disease, brain tumor, brain injury and other brain diseases (such as intracranial hypertension or cerebral edema);
• Botulinum toxin injections 3 months before enrollment
• have unstable cardiovascular status such as uncontrolled hypertension or New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class III/IV heart failure or are not suitable for receiving tRNS by the physician's assessments.

Other illness

• contradiction to tRNS including a history of epilepsy, pregnant, having pacemakers and metallic implants in the neck and heads (Rossi, Hallett, Rossini, Pascual-Leone, \& Safety of, 2009);
• History of drug or alcohol abuse(Rossi et al., 2009);

• ≥ 3 months onset from a first-ever unilateral stroke;
• an initial FMA scores between 18 to 56, indicating moderate to mild upper extremity motor impairment (Thielman, Kaminski, \& Gentile, 2008);
• age between 35 to 85;
• no excessive spasticity in any of the joints of the affected arm (shoulder, elbow, wrist and fingers);
• ability to follow instructions and perform tasks (Mini Mental State Examination scores ≥24);
• no participation in any neurorehabilitation experiments or drug clinical trials and
• willing to provide written informed consent.