Multicenter Study of Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes in China

Prior treatment

• Case reports of previously diagnosed with diabetes were excluded.

Other illness

• The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) with heart, brain, liver, kidney or other chronic diseases; (2) with other types of autoimmune diseases; (3) with malignant tumors; (4) with a family history of diabetes.

Other

• Healthy Volunteers

• 1\) diabetic ketosis or ketoacidosis occurred soon after the onset of hyperglycemic symptoms; 2) patient presented with plasma glucose ≥16.0 mmol/L and HbA1c \<8.7% at the first visit; and 3) patient had urinary C-peptide excretion \<10 µg/day,fasting serum C-peptide level \<0.10 nmol/L, or postprandial serum C-peptide \<0.17 nmol/L at onset
• Normal control: The inclusion criteria are as follows: (1) Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT): fasting blood glucose (FPG) \<5.6 mmol/L and postprandial 2 h blood glucose (PPG) \<7.8 mmol/L. The participants voluntarily signed the informed consent and extracted 3ml of peripheral blood for DNA extraction.

Criteria the registry did not label

• patients with fulminant 1 diabetes