Dinner Time for Obesity and Prediabetes

Prior treatment

• Current drug or alcohol use or dependence that, in the opinion of the site investigator, would interfere with adherence to study requirements.
• Pregnant or lactating female (pregnancy test will be required prior to metabolic visits)
• Participants who have travelled across time zones must have adequate time to recover from jet lag prior to enrollment (i.e., at least 3 days per time zone). Travel across \>1 time zone after enrollment in the study will not be permitted.
• Use of medications that can affect circadian rhythm (beta blockers, melatonin)
• Prior bariatric surgery

Other illness

• Sleep disorder including insomnia, untreated moderate-severe sleep apnea, restless leg syndrome, or narcolepsy
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease that affects ability to tolerate a dinner close to bedtime
• Diabetes (type 1 or 2) or on any diabetes medications besides metformin
• Evidence of metabolic or cardiovascular disease, or disease that may influence metabolism (e.g. cancer, thyroid disease)
• Self-reported kidney disease
• Any known history of an inherited metabolic disorder
• Gastrointestinal disorders that can lead to obstruction of the digestive tract (i.e. diverticular disease, history of bowel obstruction, inflammatory bowel disease, motility disorder)
• History of any surgical procedures in the gastrointestinal tract.
• Swallowing disorders
• Taking any prescription medication or other drug that may influence metabolism (e.g. diet/weight-loss medication, asthma medication, blood pressure medication, psychiatric medications, corticosteroids, or other medications at the discretion of the PI and/or study team)
• Presence of a cardiac pacemaker or other implanted electro-medical devices
• Volunteers with strict dietary concerns (e.g. vegetarian or kosher diet, food allergies)
• History of significant intravenous access issues
• Other conditions or situations at the discretion of the PI

Lab values

• Hemoglobin A1c ≥5.7% for NWH cohort; Hemoglobin A1c ≥6.5% for OPD cohort
• Hemoglobin \< 10 g/dL

Other

• Night shift work
• Extreme delayed sleep phase defined as self-reported routine bedtime later than 1:00 AM or having mid-sleep on free days later than 5:00 AM on the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ) or DLMO later than 24:00
• Active smoking
• Peri-menopausal or post-menopausal female as determined by follicle stimulating hormone of \> 30 mIU/mL or fewer than 3 menstrual periods in 6 months
• Professional or collegiate athlete
• Weight less than 40 kg or more than 180 kg
• Chronic use of sedative hypnotics, anxiolytics, opiates
• Those who have to undergo strong electromagnetic field during the period of use of the ingestible thermosensor (i.e. MRI)
• Weight loss or gain of ≥ 5% of total body weight over the preceding 3 months
• Currently participating in a weight loss program
• Non-English speaking individuals: The complexity of the instructions for various components of the study would make the study procedures difficult to follow in the setting of a language barrier.

• For the Normal-Weight Healthy (NWH) cohort: Healthy male and female adults, age 18-50, with BMI 18-24.9 kg/m2 inclusively
• For the Obesity-Prediabetes (OPD) cohort: Male and female adults, age 18-50, with BMI ≥30 kg/m2 and prediabetes
• All participants must be able to understand study procedures, to comply with the procedures for the entire length of the study and be fully mobile.

Criteria the registry did not label

• The investigators are enrolling both Normal-Weight Healthy (NWH) and Obesity-Prediabetes (OPD) research participants.