Calories or Time Restriction to Alter Biomarkers of Aging and Diabetes

Prior treatment

• previous or planned gastro-intestinal surgery (including bariatric surgery)
• Previous myocardial infarction or significant cardiac event ≤ 6 months prior to screening
• Previous cerebrovascular event ≤ 12 months prior to screening
• do not own, or are not comfortable using, a smart phone and applications
  • Currently taking the following medications:
• Diuretics (i.e. frusemide, thiazides) or combination blood pressure medications containing a diuretic
• Anti-epileptic medications (i.e. pregabalin and gabapentin)
• Some serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (i.e. vortioxetine, mirtazapine and venlafaxine)
• Antipsychotic medications
• Opioid medications unless combined with paracetamol in a single formulation and used occasionally on as needs basis

Other illness

• diabetes (type 1 or 2)
• major psychiatric disorders (schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, eating disorders)
• gastrointestinal disorders/disease (including malabsorption)
• haematological disorders (i.e. thalassemia, iron-deficiency anaemia)
• night eating syndrome
• diagnosis or treatment of cancer in the past 3 years (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer)
• significant liver or kidney diseases that require ongoing medical care
• Congestive heart failure (NYHA stage 2 or above)
• Any autoimmune disease (i.e. rheumatoid arthritis)
• Coeliac disease
• Score less than 12 of the Australian Diabetes (AUSD) risk assessment tool
• Other dietary restrictions including vegans, gluten or nut allergies

Lab values

• Anti-diabetic medications that lower blood glucose including, but not limited to: SGLT2 inhibitors, metformin, sulfonylureas, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues \[i.e. semaglutide\], thiazolidinediones

Other

• A personal history/diagnosis (self-reported) of:
• insomnia
• obstructive sleep apnea
• Do not eat for a 12 hour window each day for 5 or more days per week
• Have extreme or restricted patterns of eating (i.e. following an intermittent fasting diet) or already engage in CR
• Night shift-workers (\>3 shifts per month)
• pregnant, planning a pregnancy or currently breastfeeding
• those who have lost or gained \>5% of body weight in the last 6 months
• donated blood in past 3 months
• current smokers of cigarettes/marijuana/e-cigarettes/vaporisers
• anyone unable to comprehend the study protocol or provide informed consent (i.e. due to English language or cognitive difficulties)
• affecting weight, appetite or gut motility, including, but not limited to semaglutide, domperidone, cisapride, orlistat, phentermine, topiramate.
• Beta-blockers
• Glucocorticoids
• Tricyclic antidepressants
• Regular use of benzodiazepines or other sleep aids, including melatonin

• Overweight or obesity (BMI 25.1 - 44.9 kg/m2)
• Elevated waist circumference (race specific),
• Elevated fasting blood glucose (\>5.6 mmol/L).