Neoadjuvant Cadonilimab Plus Chemotherapy Following Short-Course Radiotherapy in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer

Prior treatment

• Previous history of severe hypersensitivity to other monoclonal antibodies or any component of Cadonilimab.
• Within 5 years before enrollment for malignancies other than colorectal cancer with negligible risk of metastasis or death (e. g., expected 5-year OS\> 90%) and expected radical results after treatment (e. g., adequately treated cervical carcinoma in situ, basal or squamous cell skin carcinoma, localized prostate carcinoma for curative intent, ductal carcinoma in situ surgically treated with curative intent).
• Usage of systemic immune activation drugs (including but not limited to interferon or Interleukin-2) within 4 weeks prior to enrollment or within 5 half-lives of the drug (whichever is shorter);
• Usage of systemic corticosteroids (\> 10 mg/d of prednisone equivalent) or other systemic immunosuppressive agents (including but not limited to prednisone, prednisone, dexamethasone, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, methotrexate, thalidomide, and anti-tumor necrosis factor agents \[anti-TNF\]) within 2 weeks prior to enrollment. Local, ocular, intra-articular, nasal, and inhaled corticosteroids are permitted;
• Patients requiring baseline and subsequent MRI tumor evaluation with previous allergic reactions to intravenous contrast agents may use preventive steroids;
• Patients with previous allogeneic bone marrow transplantation or previous solid organ transplantation.
• Patients with prior or cured HBV infection (defined as hepatitis B core antibody positive and HBsAg negative) were to be eligible to participate in the study only if HBVDNA was negative (HBVDNA˂ 1000 cps / ml);
• Major cardiovascular diseases, such as New York Heart Association heart disease (grade II or higher), myocardial infarction within 3 months before randomization, unstable arrhythmia, or unstable angina pectoris.

Other illness

• History of autoimmune diseases, including but not limited to myasthenia gravis, myositis, autoimmune hepatitis, series, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, vascular thrombosis related to antiphospholipid syndrome, Wegener's granulomatosis, Sjogren's syndrome, Guillain-Barre syndrome, multiple sclerosis, vasculitis, vasculitis, or glomerulonephritis; patients with autoimmune-related hypothyroidism were eligible for stable-dose thyroid hormone replacement therapy; patients with type 1 diabetes under control after a stable insulin regimen were eligible to participate in this study;
• Allowing the use of inhaled corticosteroids for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, corticosteroid hydrochloride (e. g., fluorohydrocortisone) in patients with orthostatic hypotension, and low-dose corticosteroid maintenance for adrenal cortical insufficiency.
• Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, drug-induced pneumonia, mechanical pneumonia (i. e. bronchiolitis obliterans), history of idiopathic pneumonia or chest CT scan at screening showed evidence of active pneumonia.
• Any live vaccine (e. g., vaccine against infectious diseases, such as influenza vaccine, varicella vaccine, etc.) within 4 weeks (28 days) before enrollment.13 Active infections, including tuberculosis (TB) (clinical diagnosis including clinical history, physical examination and imaging findings, and TB tests performed per local medical practice), hepatitis B {known HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) positive and HBVDNA 1000 cps / ml}, hepatitis C or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV antibody positive).
• Patients with positive hepatitis C (HCV) antibody are not eligible for the study only if polymerase chain reaction shows negative HCVRNA;
• Clinically meaningful basic medicine, disease (e. g., dyspnea, pneumonia, pancreatitis, poorly controlled, poorly controlled diabetes, infection active or poorly controlled, or drug or alcohol abuse).
• Presence of severe neurological or psychiatric disorders, including dementia and epileptic seizures.
• Chronic bowel disease or short bowel syndrome.

Lab values

• Previous treatment against the PD-1 receptor or its ligand PD-L1 or the cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA-4) receptor.
• Patients with known coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure not meeting the above criteria, or left ventricular ejection fraction \<50% must have an optimized stable medical regimen as determined by the treating physician, consulting a cardiologist if required.

Other

• Preoperative pathology was diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma or neuroendocrine tumor
• The NCI-CTCAE grade 2 peripheral neuropathy.
• Female patients during pregnancy or lactation.
• Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) enzyme deficiency.

• Age ≥18 yeas and ≤79 years. The gender is not limited.
• Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of rectal adenocarcinoma.
• Patients with rectal cancer based on endoscopic ultrasound and / or pelvic MRI contrast + contrast, chest CT, head MRI or CT + contrast, or positron emission tomography / computed tomography （PET / CT）, staging criteria per American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 8th edition cancer stage, cT 3-T4 / N + M0.
• At least 20 unstained sections of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissue sections, or fresh tumor tissue, can be provided for genomic and proteomic testing.
• The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance status (ECOG PS) 0- 1.
• Adequate bone marrow and organ function meets the following criteria:
  • Neutrophil count (ANC)≥1.5×l09/L
  • Platelet (PLT) ≥80×109/L
  • Hemoglobin (Hb) level ≥90 g/L
  • Total bilirubin level≤1.5×ULN
  • Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level≤3×ULN
  • Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level ≤3×ULN
  • International normalized value (INR) or prothrombin time (PT) or activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) ≤1.5×ULN
  • Serum creatinine (Cr) level ≤1.5×ULN
  • Creatinine clearance #50 ml/min (Calculated according to the Cockcroft-Gault formula)