Low-dose Versus Standard-dose Rivaroxaban in Elderly Patients With Atrial Fibrillation

Prior treatment

• Moderate-to-severe mitral stenosis, or prior mechanical valve replacement surgery, or unresected atrial myxoma, or known left ventricular thrombus
• Prior biological valve replacement or valve repair surgery within 6 months
• Prior or planning to undergo atrial fibrillation catheter ablation, drug cardioversion, electroconversion, or major surgery in 3 months; Prior catheter or surgical ablation \> 3 months without atrial fibrillation electrocardiogram records
• Prior or planning to undergo left atrial appendage occlusion
• High or increasing risk for bleeding i. Traumatic surgery that has been completed within the last 3 months or is planned within the next 3 months ii. Previous severe intracranial, intraocular, spinal cord, retroperitoneal, or nontraumatic intra-articular hemorrhage.
• Having received dual antiplatelet therapy or intravenous antiplatelet drugs within 5 days (note: P2Y12 receptor antagonist alone or ≤ 100mg aspirin alone can be enrolled)
• Having received fibrinolysis treatment in 10 days or planning to use fibrinolytic drugs
• Having diagnosed with malignant tumors within 6 months, or receiving radiotherapy/chemotherapy, with an expected lifespan of no more than 3 years
• Known poor adherence to study follow-up or taking study drugs

Other illness

• Severe stroke event within 3 months or any stroke within 14 days Major stroke events were defined as those with a Modified Rankin Scale score of 3-5.
  • Score 3: moderately disabled, requiring some assistance but walking without assistance; Score 4: severe disability, unable to walk independently, unable to meet their own needs without the help of others; Score 5: severe disability, bedridden, incontinent, requiring ongoing care and attention
• Transient atrial fibrillation due to reversible triggers (e.g., after cardiac surgery, pulmonary embolism, untreated hyperthyroidism)
• Gastrointestinal bleeding within the past year iv. Symptomatic or gastroscopic peptic ulcer within the last month v. Hemorrhagic constitution or coagulopathy vi. Difficult-controlled hypertension (180mm Hg systolic and/or 100 mm Hg diastolic)
• Active liver disease
  • Including but not limited to:
• Having conditions warrant standard-dose or low-dose anticoagulation treatment (non-AF, such as VTE)
• Having conditions warrant warfarin anticoagulation treatment
• Having conditions warrant the following medications: CYP3A4 and P-gp inhibitors (itraconazole, ketoconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, clarithromycin, erythromycin, fluconazole, ritonavir, dronedarone, etc.), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)/serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) drugs (fluoxetine, paroxelin, etc.) CYP3A4 inducers (rifampicin, phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, St. John's wort, etc.), long-term use of NSAIDs
• Antiphospholipid syndrome
• Mental disorders, communication barriers, cognitive impairment, or other serious illnesses that may affect the participation in this study
• Other conditions deemed by the investigator to be inappropriate for enrollment

Lab values

• Severe renal impairment (estimated creatinine clearance ≤ 15 mL/min)
• Persistent ALT, AST \> 2×ULN; ii. TBil \> 1.5×ULN; iii. Known active hepatitis A, B or C; iv. Cirrhosis
• Hemoglobin level \<100g/L or thrombocytopenia count \<100 × 10\^9/L
• Having allergic or adverse reactions to any excipients (including but not limited to lactose, starch, etc.) in rivaroxaban tablets, including but not limited to hereditary lactose or galactose intolerance, Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption, etc.

Other

• Left ventricular assist device implantation status
• Transient ischemic attack (TIA) occurred within 3 days
• Active infective endocarditis
• Daily dose of aspirin \>100mg
• Having been enrolled in another interventional clinical trial within the past 30 days or at the same time

• Age ≥70 years
• Patients with atrial fibrillation (atrial fibrillation rhythm of at least 30 seconds duration recorded by ECG or Holter within 1 year)
• CHA2DS2-VASc score ≥2 in men and ≥3 in women
• Able to cooperate in signing ICFs