Efficacy of Deep Brain Stimulation(DBS) for Treatment-Resistant Depression(TRD)

Prior treatment

• have a treatment history that includes electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), modified electroconvulsive therapy (MECT), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), DBS, and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS);
• have been involved in other clinical studies within three months before enrollment in this study;

Other illness

• presence of other psychotic disorders;
• with a history of traumatic brain injury (TBI);
• unstable neurological or coagulation disorders;
• any conditions considered by the study group.

Other

• presents a suicide risk (defined as a HAMD-17 score of ≥3 on suicide-related items);
• experience difficulty in effectively communicating with investigators;
• with intracranial or cardiovascular stents;
• substance abuse within the past six months;
• women who are pregnant, lactating, or of childbearing potential who refuse the use of reliable contraception during the study;

• male or female, 18-65 years old;
• able to provide written informed consent voluntarily;
• had a diagnosis of major depression disorder (MDD) (recurrent episodes) without psychotic features in compliance with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders -Fourth Edition -Text Revised (DSM-IV-TR) and confirmed by the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview Chinese version 5.0;
• failure of response to at least two antidepressant medication trials based on the Massachusetts General Hospital antidepressant treatment response questionnaire (MGH-ATRQ);
• ongoing antidepressant(s) at a fixed dose for at least four weeks before baseline assessment;
• had a score of ≥201 on the Hamilton Depression Scale- item 17 (HAMD-17) at baseline.