Effect of Betaine and Choline on Metabolic Health

Prior treatment

• Use of hormone therapy including birth control pills
• Use of recreational drugs (may affect metabolic pathway for choline)

Other illness

• Presence of chronic illnesses, e.g., heart disease, diabetes, cancer, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), gastrointestinal liver or kidney diseases or alcoholism
• Diagnosis of trimethylaminuria (genetic disorder affecting choline use in body)
• Have allergies to eggs or any anaphylactic food allergies

Age

• Male or female \< 18 years or \> 70 years of age at the time of consent

Other

• BMI \< 25 kg/m2; or BMI \> 35 kg/m2
• Pregnant or planning to become pregnant during the course of the study; currently breastfeeding or postpartum \< 6 months
• Follows a vegan diet
• Current smoker (any form of nicotine, e-cigarettes, etc)
• Use of antibiotics in the last 2 months
• Use of prebiotics, probiotics or dietary fiber (i.e., Metamucil) supplements in the last 2 months
• Have a schedule or lifestyle patterns incompatible with the study protocol

• Male or female participant of any race or ethnicity between 18-70 years of age (inclusive) at the time of informed consent
• BMI between 25-35 kg/m2
• Non-smoker
• Willing to consume 3 eggs per day for one dietary period of 4 weeks
• Willing to avoid eggs during the rest of the study including washout period breaks except for eggs that are provided
• Willing to fast before the baseline and dietary period lab visits
• Willing to provide a 24-hr prior day food record at the dietary period lab visits
• Willing to provide or collect biological specimen samples at the baseline and dietary period lab visits
• Willing to follow the study protocol including maintaining usual lifestyle during the entire study