Enhanced Recovery After Surgery-Based Multimodal Preemptive Analgesia for Perioperative Management in Transarterial Chemoembolization of Intermediate-to-Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Other illness

• History of iodine contrast allergy;
• severe psychological or psychiatric disorders;
• history of long-term analgesic medication use;
• severe cardiopulmonary disease;
• severe uncontrolled infection;

Other

• incomplete medical records.

• Pathologically or clinically diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma according to the "Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Liver Cancer" issued by the National Health Commission of China in 2024;
• staged as China Liver Cancer Stage II-III1 or 2022 Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage B-C14;
• liver function classified as Child-Pugh grade A or B;
• ECOG PS score 0-215;
• meeting the following hematological criteria: white blood cell count ≥3×10⁹/L, platelet count ≥50×10⁹/L, hemoglobin ≥80 g/L, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) ≤twice the upper limit of normal (ULN), serum creatinine ≤1.5×ULN, INR \<1.5 or prothrombin time \<ULN + 4 s, albumin (ALB) ≥30 g/L, total bilirubin \<34 mmol/L.