Effects of Whole Fruit on Blood Sugar in People With Type 2 Diabetes

Prior treatment

• On weight loss medication, including GLP-1 receptor agonists (e.g., semaglutide, dulaglutide)
• Change in the dosage of a chronic medication that may affect study endpoints within the past 3 months

Other illness

• Evidence of latent autoimmune diabetes (LADA) or maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY)
• Heart attack in the past 6 months or severe/unstable heart failure
• Significant gastrointestinal disease, major gastrointestinal surgery, or gallstones
• Significant cardiovascular, renal, cardiac, liver, lung, adrenal, or nervous system disease that might compromise participant safety or data validity
• Evidence of cancer (other than non-melanoma skin cancer) within the last 5 years
• Major psychiatric condition that would affect the ability to participate in the study
• Not able to eat the provided study meals (e.g., food allergies)

Lab values

• Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) \<45 ml/min per 1.73 m²
• Clinically significant laboratory abnormality (e.g., abnormal hemoglobin levels)

Other

• On insulin
• Lost or gained more than 5 lbs (or more than 2% of body weight if the patient weighs \>250 lbs) of weight in the past 2 months
• Pregnant, planning to become pregnant in the next 6 months, or breastfeeding
• Behavioral factors or circumstances that may impede adherence to the dietary intervention
• Not able to undergo the MRI scan (e.g., due to claustrophobia, implanted metal objects, or body girth ≥60 cm)

• Aged ≥18 years
• Diagnosed with type 2 diabetes
• HbA1c between 6.5-12.0%
• Fasting C-peptide level ≥0.5 ng/ml, indicating the patient does not have beta-cell failure, as measured at screening