Effect of Prebiotics in Saudi Adults With Type 2 Diabetes

Prior treatment

• Use of weight-loss treatments within 3 months before inclusion
• Diabetic patients on acarbose, metformin (\> 1 g/day), and GLP-1 medications.
• Use of antibiotic drugs for the last 3 months of treatments that influence gut microbiota composition.
• Bypass surgery, Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy (LSG), or colon restriction.
• Use of pre/probiotics or fiber supplements within 3 months before inclusion.
• Any drug that can interfere with food absorption or gut flora, such as chronic consumption of loperamide, cholestyramine, antacids, H2-receptor blockers, proton pump inhibitors, fibrates, corticosteroids, or sex steroids, omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids acid, or anti-inflammatory drugs.

Other illness

• Patients with Type 1 diabetes.
• Any serious disease such as renal or hepatic disease, thyroid functions, coeliac disease, or the presence of gastroparesis.
• Chronic gastrointestinal disorder (except irritable bowel syndrome).
• Patients with a history or symptoms of obstruction or Inflammatory bowel disease
• Any immune-compromised disease.

Other

• Pregnant \& breastfeeding females.
• Atypical diets (such as vegetarians, vegans, and heavy consumption of dietary supplements).
• Autonomic neuropathy
• Daily alcohol consumption \> 30 g.
• Involvement in another clinical trial in the past 6 months.
• Any legal incompetence or mental inability to provide consent.

• Saudi, both males and females.
• Aged between 45-60 years old
• BMI between 25 - 30 kg/m2
• No antibiotic use for the last six months
  • Cases:
• Type 2 diabetes.
• Duration of diabetes ≥ 5 years
• HbA1c ≥ 6.5-8.0
  • Controls: (subjects with normal OGTT results)
• Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) \< 100 mg/dl (5.6mmol/l)
• A1C less than 5.7%
• 2-hour post-load glucose \< 140 mg/dl (7.8 mmol/l)