Effects of Berberine on the Human Gut Microbiome

Prior treatment

• Incomplete resection of adenoma during colonoscopy;
• Use of antibiotics, probiotics, or prebiotics within 1 month prior to enrollment.
  • The following healthy subjects:
• Use of antibiotics, probiotics, or prebiotics within 1 month prior to enrollment.

Other illness

• Individuals at high risk for hereditary colorectal cancer;
• History of subtotal gastrectomy, total gastrectomy, or partial enterectomy;
• History of severe cardiac, hepatic, renal disease, or cancer;
• Severe constipation or psychiatric disorders;
• Individuals at high risk for hereditary colorectal cancer;
• History of subtotal gastrectomy, total gastrectomy, or partial enterectomy;
• History of severe cardiac, hepatic, renal disease, or cancer;
• Severe constipation or psychiatric disorders;

Lab values

• Regular use of aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), COX-2 inhibitors, calcium, or vitamin D (defined as daily intake of ≥100 mg aspirin and ≥1200 mg calcium for at least 3 months);
• Regular use of aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), COX-2 inhibitors, calcium, or vitamin D (defined as daily intake of ≥100 mg aspirin and ≥1200 mg calcium for at least 3 months);

Other

• The following outpatients undergoing colonoscopy at Renji Hospital:
• Pregnant, breastfeeding, or planning to become pregnant;
• Undergone colonoscopy with inadequate bowel preparation (rated as "poor" or "insufficient" according to the Aronchik scale) or short observation time (withdrawal time \<6 minutes).
• Pregnant, breastfeeding, or planning to become pregnant;
• Undergone colonoscopy with inadequate bowel preparation (rated as "poor" or "insufficient" according to the Aronchik scale) or short observation time (withdrawal time \<6 minutes).

• Outpatients undergoing colonoscopy at Renji Hospital who meet the following criteria:
• Aged 18-75 years;
• Had at least one but no more than six histologically confirmed colorectal adenomas (including tubular, tubulovillous, and villous adenomas) removed within 6 months prior to enrollment;
• Provide informed consent for this study and are able to comply with the requirements for collecting qualified stool specimens, peripheral blood specimens, and providing relevant lifestyle and medical history information.
  • Healthy subjects who meet the following criteria:
• Aged 18-75 years;
• Have undergone colonoscopy within 6 months prior to enrollment with no histologically confirmed colorectal adenomas (including tubular, tubulovillous, and villous adenomas);
• Provide informed consent for this study and are able to comply with the requirements for collecting qualified stool specimens, peripheral blood specimens, and providing relevant lifestyle and medical history information.