A Preliminary Study of Model-driven Individualized Transcranial Electrical Stimulation for Insomnia

Other criteria

• Participants will be recruited from the Shanghai Mental Health Center (SMHC) in Shanghai. Eligible insomnia participants were adults (18-50 years at SMHC) and diagnosed with insomnia disorder according to DSM-5 criteria by neurologists or psychiatrists using the procedure of Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Inclusion criteria were: (1) ≥ 9 years of education, (2) medication-free or had received stable medication for at least 2 months before entering the study and continued the same medication throughout the study. Exclusion criteria included: (1) serious medical, neurological, or psychiatric disorders other than anxiety or mild-to-moderate depression secondary to insomnia, (2) obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, (3) pregnancy or recent preparation for pregnancy, (4) previous treatments with ECT, rTMS, tES, and CBT-I