Personalized Closed-Loop Brain Stimulation for Patients With Primary Progressive Aphasia

Prior treatment

• People with previous neurological disease including vascular dementia (e.g., stroke, developmental dyslexia, dysgraphia or attentional deficit).

Other illness

• People with advanced dementia or severe language impairments (MMSE \<15, or Montreal Cognitive Assessment \<10, or language Frontotemporal Dementia-specific Clinical Dementia Rating (FTD-CDR) =3).
• People with pre-existing psychiatric disorders such as behavioral disturbances, severe depression, or schizophrenia that do not allow these people to comply or follow the study schedule and requirements such as repeated evaluation and therapy.

Other

• People with hearing loss (\> 25 decibel, using audiometric hearing screen).
• People with uncorrected visual acuity loss.
• Left-handed individuals.

• Must be between 45-85 years of age.
• Must be right-handed.
• Must be proficient in English.
• Must have a minimum of high-school education.
• Must be diagnosed as lvPPA with AD biomarkers. Other possible diagnosis for the 'aphasic AD' variant would be MCI or 'possible AD' according to 2011 guidelines with AD biomarkers (CSF or positron emission tomography (PET) amyloid-beta or fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) with uni-hemispheric atrophy).
• Participants will be diagnosed from PPA and early dementias clinics at Johns Hopkins University or other specialized centers in US using current consensus criteria. Diagnosis will be based on neuropsychological testing, language testing (most commonly the Western Aphasia Battery), MRI and clinical assessment. The investigators will also use two new variant classification tests the investigators have developed at the lab which discriminate PPA variants with great accuracy (above 80%): a spelling test and a speech production test (i.e., Cookie Theft picture description task).