Curative Effect and Mechanism of Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Sleep Disorders of PD

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• (i) those with concomitant cognitive dysfunction, such as Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) <23; (ii) those with secondary Parkinson's syndrome or Parkinson's superimposed syndrome; (iii) those with severe cardiac, pulmonary, hepatic, renal, or concomitant malignancies or a history of previous brain surgery; (iv) those with contraindications to taVNS interventions; (v) those with severe psychiatric disorders; (vi) Insomnia not caused by PD, such as frequent (two times per week) nighttime use of sedative medications (including sedative antidepressants), untreated restless legs syndrome, night-shift work or other occupations that result in abnormal sleep patterns, insomnia associated with dopamine therapy, and other reversible causes of insomnia identified by the baseline clinical interview.

• (i) right-handed individuals aged 45-80 years; (ii) met the diagnostic criteria for idiopathic PD and had been stable on medication for at least one month; (iii) met the diagnostic criteria for insomnia according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, and insomnia had to have lasted for at least six months, with Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) scores >7; (iv) no history of medication that might affect the study, such as sleeping pills or antidepressants, that is, the PSQI hypnotic medication score of 0; (v) clear consciousness, basic communication skills and cooperation in all assessments and treatments; (vi) The patients agreed to participate in the study and signed an informed consent form.