Risk Factors and Application of Risk Management Strategies in Hemodialysis Patients Complicated With Heart Failure

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• Patients were excluded if they had severe liver diseases (e.g., cirrhosis or liver failure), significant systemic infections, active tuberculosis, malignant tumors, connective tissue diseases, or other major illnesses.
  • Patients with congenital kidney diseases, congenital heart defects, or other severe congenital structural abnormalities were excluded.
  • Patients who had a documented history of severe cardiac diseases were excluded, including those with primary/secondary cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease, myocarditis, or pericardial diseases.
  • Patients were excluded if they had severe mental disorders or cognitive impairments that prevented their cooperation with study assessments or treatments.
  • ⑤Patients whose clinical records or examination data were incomplete, thereby precluding effective analysis, were excluded.

• Patients were aged 18 years or older who had been undergoing regular hemodialysis treatment for more than three months.
  • Patients were in good cardiopulmonary health without severe acute or chronic diseases, and were capable of undergoing the study-related examinations and treatments.
  • Patients had not undergone major surgeries or experienced acute complications within the three months prior to enrollment, and their conditions were stable.
  • Patients demonstrated high compliance by following medical advice and regularly attending dialysis sessions and related examinations.
  • ⑤Patients were able to understand the study objectives, had signed the informed consent form, and were willing to cooperate with follow-up visits and long-term observation.