Breath Mass Spectrometry in Metabolic Syndrome and Metabolically Healthy Obesity

Egyéb

• Patient refusal to continue participation in the study;
• Identification of any non-inclusion criteria after enrollment.

• For Group 1 (Metabolic syndrome): Age >18 years, signed informed consent, diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome (IDF 2006 criteria: waist circumference >94 cm (men)/ >80 cm (women) + ≥2 of: BP ≥130/85 mmHg or antihypertensive therapy; TG ≥1.7 mmol/L; HDL-C <1.03 mmol/L (men) / <1.29 mmol/L (women); Fasting glucose ≥5.6 mmol/L).
• For Group 2 (Metabolically healthy obesity): Age >18 years, signed informed consent, waist circumference ≥94 cm (men) / ≥80 cm (women), absence of other Metabolic Syndrome criteria (hypertension, dyslipidemia, impaired fasting glucose).
• For Group 3 (Control): Age >18 years, signed informed consent, normal BMI, absence of signs of Metabolic Syndrome.
  • Non-inclusion criteria for all groups:
• Inability to provide informed consent;
• History of myocardial infarction or stroke;
• Chronic kidney disease stage 3B, 4, 5 (eGFR <30 ml/min/1.73m2);
• Acute or subacute cardiovascular disease;
• Familial hypercholesterolemia;
• Bronchopulmonary diseases;
• Acute or chronic infectious diseases;
• Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes mellitus;
• Systemic connective tissue diseases;
• Current or past history of oncological diseases;
• Severe liver dysfunction, decompensated liver cirrhosis (Child-Pugh class C);
• Pregnancy or lactation;
• Severe mental illness (severe dementia, schizophrenia);
• Comorbid conditions with life expectancy less than 1 year.