Monitoring of Brain Metabolites Using Proton and Deuterium MR Techniques

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• Active implants (e.g., pacemakers, neuro-stimulators)
• Passive ferromagnetic implants
• Passive non-ferromagnetic metallic implants > 4 cm in a region covered by the active radio frequency (RF) coils
• Current or life-time drug or alcohol abuse
• Antidepressant medications with anticholinergic properties
• Antiparkinsonian medications used within 4 weeks of screening
• Enrollment in any investigational drug studies within 4 weeks of screening
• Cochlear implants/ear implants
• Drug infusion pumps (insulin delivery, analgesic drugs, or chemotherapy pumps)
• Magnetic dental implants
• Fever (temperature > 37.5°C measured prior to MRI)
• Evidence of overt heart or renal disease
• Evidence of gastrointestinal tract disease
• Cognitive impairment (Mini-mental state examination score <26/30, CDR score >0, memory complaints) (excluding AD, MCI groups)
• Untreated dyslipidemia, hypertension, or thyroid disease
• Cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED) such as pacemakers, implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs), and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) devices
• Cardiac resynchronization therapy devices
• Diabetes or glucose intolerance according to WHO recommendations (excluded in the diabetes patient group)
• Under 18 years of age
• Claustrophobia
• Pregnancy or current state of lactation
• Large tattoos inside a region covered by the active RF coils
• Known or suspected non-compliance
• Underweight <30 kg body weight
• Body mass index (BMI) > 30
• Overweight >135 kg
• Persons with extreme big head circumference or extreme astigmatism, which cannot be corrected by MR-compatible eyeglasses
• Persons not able to understand the informed consent form
• Not agreeing with the institute's policy to inform the subject on incidental findings discovered during the examination
• Visual and auditory acuity impairing neuropsychological testing (if relevant)
• Smoking
• Regular use of narcotic agents more than two doses per week within 4 weeks of screening
• Immunomodulating or oncological treatment
• Metallic intraocular foreign bodies: patients who have ever welded without eye protection or had facial injuries involving metal must have an orbit x-ray reviewed by a radiologist before MRI
• Implantable neurostimulation systems
• Catheters with metallic components (e.g., Swan-Ganz catheter)
• Metallic fragments (e.g., bullets, shotgun pellets, shrapnel)
• Cerebral artery aneurysm clips
• Tissue expanders
• Artificial limbs
• Non-removable hearing aids
• Non-removable piercings
• Implantable cardiocerter defibrillators
• Volunteers taking amphetamines or sedatives

Egyéb feltételek

• General Inclusion Criteria (applicable to all groups):
• Signed informed consent by the participant
• Ability to lie still in the MR scanner for at least one hour
• No current or lifetime history of drug or alcohol abuse
• No medications that interfere with cognition
• Normal or corrected-to-normal vision; Disease-Specific Inclusion Criteria:
• Type 2 Diabetes Patients group (PG-IV-2H-DM):
• Diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes according to the ADA classification
• Treatment with lifestyle modification and/or non-insulin agents
• High-Grade Carotid Stenosis Patient Group (PG-IV-1H-HGCS):
• ≥50% stenosis of the carotid artery
• Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) Patients (PG-IV-2H-AD/MCI):
• Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) or early Alzheimer's disease (AD)
• Age range between 60-80 years
• Fluent in German
• Normal or corrected-to-normal vision and hearing
• Ability to understand the research and provide informed consent